|
Instructor: Dr.
Ringwald E-mail: ringwald[at]csufresno.edu and replace [at] with @
|
Phone: 278-8426 |
Office hours (between January 15 and May 9): MW 1-3, F 1-2.
If
students need to see Dr. Ringwald outside office hours, please call or
e-mail first.
Office: McLane Hall, Room 11, in the new Building J (or "J-wing").
This is across the outdoor "hall" from McLane 149, 151, and 161 (near
the Women's Room).
You don't need an appointment to come to office hours. This is time
set aside for you, when I'll be in.
Class objectives:
(1) To serve that most essential purpose of a good education: to show you
what lies beyond the horizon, in space and in time.
Lecture meeting times and location: Schedule 35231 (Section 03),
MWF 12-1 p.m., McLane 162. All students must also register
separately for labs: see
below. Astronomy labs start on the second week of class, on
January 22 or 23.
Holidays: February 19 (Presidents Day), March 30 (César
Chávez Day), April 2-6 (Spring Break).
Required Course Texts (which should be available at Kennel
Bookstore, in the University Student Union):
(1) PSci 21 Class Notes, by F. A. Ringwald.
(2) The PSci 21 Lab Manual, by F. A. Ringwald and S. White.
(3) The Stars, A New Way to See Them, by H. A. Rey.
(4) The Science Class You Wish You Had, by David and Arnold Brody, which
I'll refer to as Brody.
(5) The Elements of Style, by W. Strunk Jr. and E. B. White.
Required Course Equipment:
(1) A clear plastic ruler;
(2) A flashlight (preferably with a red filter for night vision, although
the lab instructors should have red plastic for this).
Recommended Course Texts and Equipment (which should be regarded as
required, if you want an A):
(1) Discovering the Essential Universe (3rd edition), by Neil F. Comins
(2006), which I'll refer to as Comins;
(2) A scientific calculator (that can display scientific notation, and can
calculate exponents).
If you can't afford books: You may borrow copies of any of the texts from the Circulation Desk at Madden Library (278-4024), for two hours at a time. Making copies, especially from the Lab Manual or the Class Notes, can be useful for homework assignments.
Course web page:
http://zimmer.csufresno.edu/~fringwal/psci21.html. Bookmark
this one!
Course grades will be awarded for the following final
percentages:
85.0-100% = A; 70.0-84.9% = B; 55.0-69.9% = C; 40.0-54.9% = D; 0-39.9%
= F.
These percentages will be computed with the following weights:
| 3% 3% 2% 5% 4% 2% 6% | Homework, including: [1] The Math Exercise, due Friday, February 2. [2] The Timekeeping, Angles, and Classical Astronomy Exercise, due Friday, February 9. [3] The Constellation Study Sheet, due Friday, March 9. [4] The Moon Phases and Eclipses exercise, due Friday, March 23. [5] The Exercise on Why the Sky is Blue, due Friday, April 13. [6] The Paper Titles and 150-to-250-word Summaries (see the Writing Guide), [7] The Cosmic Calendar on Three Number Lines, due Friday, May 4. 10%
|
Two Mid-term Exams (50 multiple choice questions in 45 minutes),
the lower of which will be dropped, tentatively scheduled for
Friday, February 16 and Wednesday, March 28.
| 10%
|
Laboratory, for which every student must register
for a section, separately from this lecture section.
| 20%
|
Paper, over 1200 words long and with a reference list (see the
Writing Guide), due Wednesday, May 9, the last day of
instruction.
| 35% | Final Exam (100 multiple choice questions in 115
minutes), | which will be comprehensive (covering all material in the entire PSci 21 course), on Wednesday, May 16, from 1:15 to 3:15 p.m. in the regular classroom (McLane 162). |
TENTATIVE Course Schedule (updated 2007 March 7).
Always do the readings before class:
| Week | M | W | F | Read by Wednesday of next week |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | 1/15: No class | 1/17: Introduction and Course Syllabus | 1/19: Powers of Ten, Scientific Notation, Metric System (Comins 1-1 and Appendix B) | Comins 1-1 (pages 1-4) and Appendix B (page A-10); Class Notes pages 1-46; and this entire syllabus. |
| 2 | 1/22: Units Conversions, The Light-Year, Look-Back Time (Comins 1-1) | 1/24: Proportions; A Brief Tour of Space and Time (Comins 1-1) | 1/26: The Cosmic Calendar (Comins 1-1) | Rey, pages 9-35, 66-72, 108-121, and 127-135; Comins 1-2 to 1-7 and 2-1 (pages 4-15 and 24-26); Class Notes pages 47-77. |
| 3 | 1/29: Classical Astronomy and Seasons (Comins 1-2 to 1-7, Rey) | 1/31: Classical Astronomy and Seasons (continued) | 2/02: Scientific Method (Comins 2-1); Homework 1 due (The Math Exercise: see Class Notes, pages A3-A4) | Comins 2-2 to 2-8 (pages 26-38); Brody Introduction and Chapters 1, 2, and 3; Class Notes pages 78-89. |
| 4 | 2/05: Scientific Method (Brody Introduction) | 2/07: Motion, from Copernicus to Galileo (Comins 2-2 to 2-5; Brody 1 and 2) | 2/09: Motion, from Galileo to Newton (Comins 2-6 to 2-8; Brody 3); Homework 2 due (Timekeeping, Angles, and Classical Astronomy: see Class Notes, pages A5-A8) | Re-read the Class Notes pages 1-89; Lab 1; Rey's book; Brody Introduction and Chapters 1-3; and Comins Chapters 1-1 to 1-7 and Chapters 2-1 to 2-8 and Appendix B. |
| 5 | 2/12: Newton's laws of motion (Comins 2-7 and 2-8; Brody 3) | 2/14: More on motion and physics (Comins 2) | 2/16: Mid-Term Exam 1, covering the Class Notes pages 1-89; Lab 1; Rey's book; Brody Chapters 1-3; Comins Chapters 1-1 to 1-7 and 2-1 to 2-8. | Comins 3, Appendix C (pages A-10 to A-11), and Appendix F-3 (page A-31); Brody 4 and 5; Class Notes pages 90-100. |
| 6 | 2/19: Holiday | 2/21: Atoms, Light, and Spectra (Comins 3; Brody 4 and 5) | 2/23: Energy, Matter, and the Laws of Thermodynamics (Comins 3) | Comins 3; Brody 4 and 5; the assigned pages of the Orion catalog (to be announced in class); Class Notes pages 101-112. |
| 7 | 2/26: The E/M Spectrum (Comins 3) | 2/28: Thermal radiation and the Doppler Effect (Comins 3) | 3/02: Telescopes (Refractors vs. Reflectors)(Comins 3) | Comins 2-9 to 2-15 (pages 38-53) and 4; Brody 15; Class Notes, 113-119. |
| 8 | 3/05: Telescopes (Aperture, Resolution, and Magnification)(Comins 3); CCDs, Eyes, and Cameras; Small Telescopes (Comins 3 and the Orion catalog) | 3/07: The Solar System (Comins 2-9 to 2-13) | 3/09: The Solar System (continued); Extrasolar Planets (Comins 2-14 to 2-15); Drawing Exercise due (see Class Notes, pages A9-A10); Homework 3 due (The Constellation Study Sheet: see Class Notes, page A11) | Comins 1-8 to 1-11 (pages 15-22), 4, and 5 and Appendix E-2 (pages A-25 to A-26); Rey, pages 136-138; Class Notes, 120-133. |
| 9 | 3/12: Planet Earth (Comins 4 and Brody 15) | 3/14: Moon Phases and Eclipses (Comins 1-8 to 1-11, and Rey, pages 136-138) | 3/16: The Earth's Moon (Comins 4 and Appendix E-2) | Comins 5 and 6; Class Notes pages 134-144. |
| 10 | 3/19: Mars (Comins 5) | 3/21: Small Bodies (Comins 6) | 3/23: Mercury, Venus, Atmospheres (Comins 5); Homework 4 due (The Moon Phases and Eclipses exercise: see Class Notes, pages A13-A14) | Re-read Comins Chapters 3 to 6, 1-8 to 1-11, and 2-9 to 2-15, and Appendices C, E-2, F-3, and F-4, Brody Chapters 4-5 and 15, Rey pages 136-138, the assigned pages of the Orion catalog, and pages 90 to 148 of the Class Notes. |
| 11 | 3/26: The Outer Solar System (Comins 5) | 3/28: Mid-term Exam 2, covering Comins Chapters 3 to 6, 1-8 to 1-11, and 2-9 to 2-15, and Appendices C, E-2, and F-3, Brody Chapters 4-5 and 15, Rey pages 136-138, the assigned pages of the Orion catalog, and pages 90-148 of the Class Notes. | 3/30: Holiday | Comins 7 and Appendix F-4 (page A-14); Brody 6; Class Notes pages 145-148; also Comins 8 and 9; Class Notes pages 149-161. |
| - | 4/02: Spring Break | 4/02: Spring Break | 4/06: Spring Break | Comins 10; Brody 7 and 8; Class Notes pages 197-213. |
| 12 | 4/09: The Sun and Nuclear Physics (Comins 7 and Appendix F-4; Brody 6) | 4/11: The Sun and Nuclear Physics (continued) | 4/13: Stars (Comins 8); Homework 5 due (Why the sky is blue: see Class Notes, page A15) | Comins 10; Brody 7 and 8; Class Notes pages 162-171. |
| 13 | 4/16: Stars (continued) (Comins 8) | 4/18: Interstellar Matter and Star Formation (Comins 9) | 4/20: White Dwarfs and Neutron Stars (Comins 10) | Comins 11; Class Notes pages 172-173. |
| 14 | 4/23: Black Holes and Relativity (Brody 7 and 8) | 4/25: Black Holes and Relativity (continued) | 4/27: The Milky Way; Galaxies and Hubble's Law (Comins 11); Paper titles and summaries due (see the Writing Guide, on pages 9-14 of the Class Notes) | Comins 12 and Appendix A (pages A-1 to A-9); Brody 9 and 10; Class Notes pages 174-188. |
| 15 | 4/30: Cosmology (Comins 12; Brody 9 and 10) | 5/02: Cosmology (continued) | 5/04: Life Beyond Earth (Comins Appendix A); Homework 7 due (The Number Line of the Cosmic Calendar: see Class Notes, pages A17-A18) | Comins Appendix A (pages A-1 to A-9); Brody Epilogue; Class Notes pages 189-191; start re-reading the Class Notes, Comins, Rey, and Brody. |
| 16 | 5/07: Life Beyond Earth (Comins Appendix A) | 5/09: The Most Influential Scientific Findings of All Time (Brody Epilogue); Paper due (see the Writing Guide, on pages 9-14 of the Class Notes) | - | Re-read the Class Notes (pages 1-191), Comins (Chapters 1 to 12 and Appendices A, B, C, E-2, F-1, F-3, and F-4), Brody (Chapters 1-10 and 15), all assigned parts of Rey's book and the Orion catalog, and all labs, especially the lab on The Hertzsprung-Russell Diagram. |
| Schedule # | Day | Time | Lab Classroom |
|---|---|---|---|
| 35232 | Monday | 5:30-7:20 p.m. | McLane 258 |
| 35233 | Monday | 5:30-7:20 p.m. | McLane 264 |
| 35236 | Tuesday | 5:30-7:20 p.m. | McLane 258 |
| 35237 | Tuesday | 5:30-7:20 p.m. | McLane 264 |
| 35234 | Monday | 7:30-9:20 p.m. | McLane 258 |
| 35235 | Monday | 7:30-9:20 p.m. | McLane 264 |
| 35238 | Tuesday | 7:30-9:20 p.m. | McLane 258 |
| 35239 | Tuesday | 7:30-9:20 p.m. | McLane 264 |
Lab Safety: PSci 21 lab sessions necessarily take place after dark, because the object of study is the night sky. If safety becomes a concern, the Campus Police provide an escort program. Radio-equipped, uniformed, trained escort officers will accompany persons to their destinations on campus during hours of darkness. Call 278-2132, or pick up an emergency phone to request an escort officer. Be sure to check their badges before going anywhere with them. The Campus Police also provide car battery assistance and other services. They can be reached in an emergency by calling 911.
Lab requirements: A flashlight is required for map reading at observing sessions. Flashlights with red filters are recommended, for night vision. A scientific calculator and a clear plastic ruler are required as well. Always being your blue lab manuals, and read the lab beforehand.
Field trips: Three times this semester, we will be observing the sky at a dark site a half-hour drive from campus called the CSUFresno San Joaquin Experimental Range. There are directions to the Range on the last page of the blue PSci 21 Lab Manual, and in the Class Notes for Dr. Ringwald's lecture section. It is therefore essential for all students to plan their schedules accordingly, at the beginning of the semester. Evenings this semester to set aside for Range labs are: January 22 or 23 (or January 29 or 30, in case of bad weather), starting at 5:30 p.m.; February 5 or 6 (or February 12 or 13, in case of bad weather), starting at 7:30 p.m.; March 12 or 13 (or March 19 or 20, in case of bad weather), starting at 7:30 p.m.; and April 9 or 10 (or April 16 or 17, in case of bad weather), starting at 7:30 p.m.
For all Range labs, plan to stay for two hours. All students are responsible for their own transportation to these field trips: the university cannot guarantee it can provide transportation to Range Labs.
These dates are subject to change due to poor weather. After noon on the days of the labs, before going out to the Range, check the weather report on Dr. Ringwald's voicemail (278-8426) or the PSci 21 web page (http://zimmer.csufresno.edu/~fringwal/psci21.html) in case there have been any such last-minute changes.
We do not cancel labs for bad weather. If the weather is bad, we will meet in the lab classrooms (McLane 258 or 264) at the regular lab times (5:30 p.m. or 7:30 p.m.).
Lab Attendance: Attendance at all labs is mandatory. Students must attend the labs in the lab section in which they are registered: exceptions will be made only by written consent in advance by the instructor of the lab section in which the student is registered, and even then, only for a compelling reason, such as a job interview or an illness documented by a physician's note. If any student must miss a lab for a compelling reason such as a job interview or an illness documented by a physician's note, or if the student does have written consent from the instructor of the lab section in which the student is registered to miss a lab, then the part of the lab grade that lab would have counted will be voided, and the rest of the lab grade will be counted as 100%. Advance or make-up labs cannot be given under any circumstances, because of the availability of lab equipment, and also because many astronomical phenomena (including the Moon and the stars) are not always observable, which is why the labs are scheduled at the times they are.
If any student misses a lab and does not provide that student's lab
instructor a written copy of evidence of a job interview or of a
physician's note documenting an illness before the last day of
instruction, or if any student attends a lab other than the one in which
that student is registered, without prior written consent of the
instructor of the lab section in which that student is registered, that
student will receive a zero for the lab. Any student with three or more
unexcused absences from lab will receive an F for the entire PSci 21
course, which includes the lecture section. Astronomy labs
start on the second week of class, on January 22 or 23.
TENTATIVE Lab Schedule (updated 2007 March 7). Always read the
lab description (in the blue Lab Manual) before lab and be ready for a
quiz.
| Week | Dates | Moon | Lab |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | January 15-16 | New (Jan 19) | No Lab |
| 2 | January 22-23 | First Quarter (Jan 25) | Meet at the Range at 5:30 p.m. and do: Lab 1, Introduction to Telescopes. Bring flashlights! In case of poor weather: Meet in the lab classrooms (McLane 258 and 264), and do: Lab 2, Star Names, Maps, and Constellations. |
| 3 | January 29-30 | Full (Feb 2) |
Lab 2, Star Names, Maps, and
Constellations. Meet in the lab classrooms (McLane 258 and 264). Bring flashlights! (or Range, if cancelled last week: meet at 5:30 p.m. and do Lab 1, Introduction to Telescopes.). |
| 4 | February 5-6 | Last Quarter (Feb 10) | Lab 4, The Mystery Constellations: Meet in the lab classrooms. |
| 5 | February 12-13 | New (Feb 17) | Lab 14, How Many Stars are in the Milky Way? Meet in the lab classrooms. |
| 6 | February 19-20 | First Quarter (Feb 24) | No Lab (holiday) |
| 7 | February 26-27 | First Quarter (Feb 24) | Lab 5, Spectra, Fingerprinting the Elements: Meet in the lab classrooms. |
| 8 | March 5-6 | Full (March 3) | Lab 6, The Revolutions of the Moons of Jupiter: Meet in the lab classrooms. |
| 9 | March 12-13 | Last Quarter (March 12) |
Meet at the Range at 7:30 p.m. and do: Lab 3, Dark-Sky Observing Lab A (not Lab 7, Dark-Sky Observing Lab B, as previously announced). In case of poor weather: Meet in the lab classrooms, and do: Lab 8, The Basics of Optics and Telescopes. |
| 10 | March 19-20 | New (March 19) |
Lab 8, The Basics of
Optics and Telescopes: Meet in the lab classrooms (or Range, if cancelled last week: meet at 7:30 p.m. and do Lab 7, Dark-Sky Observing Lab A). |
| 11 | March 26-27 | First Quarter (March 25) | Lab 9, The Hunt for Micrometeorites: Meet in the lab classrooms. |
| - | April 2-3 | Full (April 2) | No Lab (Spring Break) |
| 12 | April 9-10 | Last Quarter (April 10) |
Meet at the Range at 7:30 p.m. and do: Lab 10, Dark-Sky Observing Lab C. In case of poor weather: Meet in the lab classrooms, and do: Lab 11, The Hertzsprung-Russell Diagram. |
| 13 | April 16-17 | New (April 17) |
Lab 11, The Hertzsprung-Russell Diagram:
Meet
in the lab classrooms
(or Range, if cancelled last week: meet at 7:30 p.m. and do Lab 10, Dark-Sky Observing Lab C). [NOTE TO LAB INSTRUCTORS: Please grade all labs, record the grades, and return the labs to all students during the April 23 and 24 labs.] |
| 14 | April 23-24 | First Quarter (April 24) |
Lab 12, Life Beyond Earth: Meet in the lab
classrooms. After briefing in the lab classrooms, we will see Search for New Worlds at the Downing Planetarium. [NOTE TO LAB INSTRUCTORS: Please brief your classes first, then bring them to the planetarium at 6:15 p.m. (for the 5:30 labs) and at 8:15 p.m. (for the 7:30 labs).] |
| 15 | April 30 - May 1 | Full (May 2) | Lab Final Quiz (covering all labs, except for Lab 13) and Lab 13, Classification of Galaxies assigned: Meet in the lab classrooms. |
| 16 | May 7-8 | Last Quarter (May 10) | Lab 13, Classification of Galaxies due. Return and discuss the Lab Final Quiz, to prepare for the Final Exam: Meet in the lab classrooms. |
Don't miss class. Listening to lectures and participating in discussions are much more effective than reading someone else's class notes. Active participation is even better: it will help you retain what you are learning.
Because PSci 21 is such a large class, Dr. Ringwald will not be able to accept late work under any circumstances, even from students with a compelling reason to be late, such as an illness documented by a physician's note. In cases like this, Dr. Ringwald will mark missed work as "excused," which will mean that the part of the course grade for which that work would have counted will be voided, and the rest of the grade will be counted as 100%.
If there is any concern that a family emergency or other risk event (such as a broken printer) might arise that would hinder any student from handing in assignments during the first ten minutes of the class period on the due date, Dr. Ringwald highly recommends completing the assignment early.
If Web access is still a problem, students should come to Dr. Ringwald's hours or make an appointment to meet at some other time with Dr. Ringwald, and Dr. Ringwald will let these students use his computer. Dr. Ringwald therefore won't accept excuses such as "I couldn't use the Internet" or "My browser wasn't Java enabled."
Sorry, but Dr. Ringwald cannot give make-ups for mid-term exams, nor can Dr. Ringwald give mid-term or final exams in advance, not even for students who have legitimate reasons for being absent. Legitimate reasons for being absent include, but are not limited to, job interviews, illness documented by a physician's note, deaths in the immediate family that can be documented, or participating in University-sponsored activities, such as athletics or theatre. If any student must miss a mid-term exam, the student should remember that only the higher of the two mid-term exams will count. If any student must miss both mid-term exams, the part of the course grade for which the mid-term exam would have counted will be voided, and the rest of the grade will be counted as 100%.
This is really the only possible solution, since it takes about eight hours of Dr. Ringwald's time to prepare one of his cheat-proof exams, each of which must be different for every student who wants a make-up exam or an exam in advance. (In the past, students who were allowed to take make-up and advance exams abused the privilege by attempting use the situation to cheat.) It is therefore quite impossible for Dr. Ringwald to give make-up exams or exams in advance without unacceptable additional cost in his time. Scheduling make-up exams or exams in advance, in classes as large as PSci 21, is also not feasible: during Dr. Ringwald's first semesters at Fresno State he did allow make-up and advance exams, and quickly found it impossible to accomodate every student who wanted them. Fairness left no choice but to end the practice altogether of giving make-up exams and exams in advance, and never make exceptions.
If any student must miss the final exam for a very compelling reason (such as an illness documented by a physician's note), that student will receive a grade of I (incomplete) for PSci 21 for the semester. It will then be that student's responsibility to contact the university administration within the first 15 working days of the next semester to make the necessary arrangements to remove the I grade. See the California State University, Fresno General Catalog for regulations concerning the Incomplete (I) grade. Only students who can document a very compelling reason for missing the final exam, such as an illness documented with a physician's note, will be eligible for incompletes: other students missing the final exam will get a 0% on the Final Exam.
The above paragraph means that if any student's parents or anyone else buys that student a plane ticket or otherwise arranges for that student to leave the Fresno area at the end of the term, the party who bought the ticket or made these arrangements is responsible for knowing when the Final Exam for this course is, and that students are not allowed to miss the Final Exam for this course for any reason other than an illness documented by a physician's note, or else that student will get a 0% on the Final Exam.
If for any reason any student leaves the classroom while an exam is being given, that student may not re-enter the classroom as long as that exam is still taking place. The student's leaving the exam will be taken to signify that the student has finished that exam. This includes trips to the bathroom, so plan ahead. If the student must leave the classroom because of a medical problem that can be documented with a physician's note, the student will be excused without penalty from the exam, which will be voided (which is what happens if a student is ill). Dr. Ringwald regrets it has to be this way, but in the past students have attempted to cheat while doing this.
Students who arrive late for exams will have their grades lowered by one percentage point on the exam for each minute they were late.
Since during exams Dr. Ringwald needs to supervise the exam, he will not be able to discuss students' grades or assignment deadlines or to accept assignments, until the exam is over. Dr. Ringwald will be happy to answer any questions about the content of the exam in progress, however.
When taking exams, every student is required to sit in the assigned seat listed in the seating chart given with the exam. Not doing so, without the explicit permission of the instructor, will earn a 0% for the exam.
All students are required to remove sunglasses and earphones of any kind during all exams, because they have in the past been used to aid cheating. Any students caught cheating, in this or any other way, will receive an F for the entire PSci 21 course.
A favorite pastime is to try and determine a ``running'' grade (in other words, trying to figure out a grade based on a single exam or some subset of it). Since there are many contributors to the final grade, this isn't very useful. The above grading scale will not be moved: how any student's grade is determined doesn't depend on any other student's grade.
Dr. Ringwald will be happy to fix any errors that occur in the grading. If after any errors are fixed, students still want to contest their grades, the students are required to do it in writing. This written request must be typed and must be a minimum of half a single-spaced page of 12-point type for exam or Final Exam questions, and a minimum of one single-spaced page of 12-point type for the overall grade. It is to be submitted one time, either to Dr. Ringwald during his office hours, or to his mailbox in McLane 173. As per university regulations (see Grade Protests in the California State University, Fresno General Catalog), this must be done before the end of the fourth week of classes, during the semester immediately following the semester in which the contested grade was awarded.
(a) understand or seek clarification about expectations for academic
integrity in this course (including no cheating, plagiarism and
inappropriate collaboration)
(b) neither give nor receive unauthorized aid on examinations or other
course work that is used by the instructor as the basis of grading.
(c) take responsibility to monitor academic dishonesty in any form and
to report it to the instructor or other appropriate official for action.
Instructors may require students to sign a statement on exams and
assignments that "I have done my own work and have neither given nor
received unauthorized assistance on this work." (This section on the
honor code was a required syllabus policy statement by Fresno State.)
DO NOT EVER take papers from the Internet, and turn them in as your work. This is now easy for professors to detect, with www.plagiarism.org. Modifying someone else's paper slightly, or changing the word order, or stringing someone else's paragraphs together, even if they're cited, are also forms of plagiarism.
To prevent plagiarism, Dr. Ringwald will be copying both the paper titles and summaries and the papers themselves. If Dr. Ringwald finds any work that is plagiarized, the student will receive an F for the entire PSci 21 course. Dr. Ringwald may also send the plagiarized work to the Dean and other university authorities (e.g. coaches) and recommend the student be expelled from the University—or the degree be revoked, if the student has graduated. Do NOT plagiarize!
Dr. Ringwald will be photographing this class several times, to get to know the class, and during exams, to prevent various forms of cheating.
Go to Dr.
Ringwald's home page
Last updated 2007 September 6. Web page by Dr. Ringwald
(ringwald[at]csufresno.edu and replace [at] with @)
Department of Physics, California State University, Fresno.
Please read this disclaimer.