CORRECTIONS INTERNATIONALLY

	US unlike most other countries: Prefers imprisonment
	Foreign systems do not adhere to any single punishment philosophy (rehabilition, general and specific deterrence incapacitation)
	Currently: Reassessment concerning the treatment of sex offenders Prompted by cases involving serious and repeat offenders and lack of cross-border information sharing

Responses:
Call for European wide linking of DNA databases

Long term incarceration past sentence completion for protection of society
(Lebenslang mit anschließender Sicherheitsverwahrung)

PENALTY CATEGORIES OR TYPES OF PUNISHMENT

Financial-Fine
Day Fines make up half or more of penalties in property and violent crimes in Sweden and Germany

Real life example

Corporal-Caning, flogging, etc

World-Wide Rules

Capital-execution (hanging, stoning, lethal injection, beheading)

US: 38 states federal government

Methods: Lethal Injection, Electrocution, Lethal Gas, Firing Squad, and Hanging

Lethan Injection with 20 states having additional choices (menus?)

Nebraska: Electrocution only method

2003: 1,146 executions in 28 countries.
88% in five PRC (726), Iran (108), U.S.(65), Vietnam (64), Saudi Arabia (52).

(Some indication that executions in PRC more than ten times greater than reported)

Stoning (above) in Iran

Photo courtesy of http://iranvajahan.net/english/index.shtml

Custodial-incarceration up to and including life imprisonment

United Nations Minimum Standards for detaining or holding prisoners

No enforcement mechanism for standards and not all countries adhere to it

Standards also subject to interpretation

Non custodial-probation, community service, etc.

Corrections Function typically under the Justice Ministry

Austria-interesting example of totally privatized probation/parole function

http://www.bmj.gv.at/justiz/content.php?nav=53

Western countries other than U.S. and U.K.:
Corrections centralized function usually under Department or Ministry of Justice
Includes probation and parole

Interesting provisions for parole in Belgium below (Will be translated in class)

VI. Libération conditionnelle

VI.1. Conditions pour bénéficier de la libération conditionnelle

Base légale: conditions de temps article 2, 1° LLC; conditions de fond article 2, 2° et 3° LLC

Pour bénéficier d’une libération conditionnelle, les condamnés primaires doivent avoir subi 1/3 de la peine ou 10 ans s’ils ont été condamnés à perpétuité. Ceux qui se trouvent en état de récidive légale doivent avoir subi 2/3 de la peine ou quatorze ans s’ils se trouvent en état de récidive légale.

Le condamné doit en outre pouvoir présenter, avec l'aide des services compétents, un plan de reclassement duquel apparaissent sa volonté et son effort de réinsertion.

Il ne peut enfin exister aucune contre-indication impliquant un risque sérieux pour la société ou faisant raisonnablement obstacle aux conditions de réinsertion sociale du condamné. Ces contre-indications se rapportent :
a. aux possibilités de reclassement du condamné ;
b. à sa personnalité ;
c. à son comportement pendant la détention ;
d. au risque de voir le condamné commettre de nouveaux faits constitutifs d’infractions ;
e. à l'attitude du condamné à l'égard des victimes des infractions qui ont donné lieu à sa condamnation.

http://www.moniteur.be/index_fr.htm

VI.5. Décision de rejet d'une proposition de LC

Toutes les décisions, y compris les décisions de rejet, doivent être motivées.

En cas de rejet, la Commission fixe la date à partir de laquelle le dossier peut être réexaminé par la conférence du personnel. Ce délai ne peut excéder 6 mois pour les peines correctionnelles dont le total n’excède pas 5 ans et est de 1 an maximum pour les peines criminelles ou lorsque le total des peines correctionnelles est supérieur à 5 ans.

Visit the

http://www.gendarmeria.cl/rehabilitacion/main-rehab-2a.htm

Academy for "vigilantes" 1 year

Academy for "oficiales" 2 years

Entry standards similar to Carabineros except for "oficiales"

Review the Ley Orgánica de Gendarmería

and the Reglamento de Establecimientos Penitenciarios
Will translate highlights during lecture.

Compare to California Department of Corrections

Entry Requirements

Promotional Requirements for Sergeant

Testing: The written test is designed to evaluate candidates’ skills in the areas of grammar, spelling, punctuation, reading comprehension, and basic mathematics. WRITTEN TEST (PASS/FAIL)

BASIC CORRECTIONAL OFFICER ACADEMY (BCOA) Candidates receiving and accepting assignments as COs must complete a 16-week, comprehensive training program at the BCOA located in Galt, a suburb of Sacramento. Candidates are encouraged to refresh/develop their analytical, writing and memory retention skills; maintain their physical fitness; and take a weapons course, prior to reporting to the BCOA. Upon successful completion of the BCOA, COs report directly to their assigned institution. Failure to pass the BCOA will result in rejection from the CO classification.

http://www.corr.ca.gov/SelectionsStandards/PDFFiles/COBulletin.pdf

LOCATION OF CORRECTIONAL INSTITUTIONS:

Population Centers (Europe)

Dept of Correctional Services (South Africa)

Also review articles on Corruption in Corrections

Mauritius Prison Service

Germany:

Baden Wuerttemberg

Bayern (Bavaria)

Map of California Correctional Institutions

Important Concepts/Information:

Qualified applicants can enter a correctional career in many foreign countries at two or more rank levels.

Day fines are very common in Europe and are based on the offender's income per day

The U.S. is on the list of top five countries for executions

Corporal punishment, i.e. caning, is most common in Islamic countries

Stoning is still practiced in Iran

Fines instead of incarceration for criminal offenses are more common in European countries than in the U.S.

The entry and training standards for correctional personnel in Chile is very high compared to the U.S.

Belgian offenders are eligible for parole after serving 1/3 of their sentence or 10 years of a life sentence.

Offenders rejected for parole can re-apply within six months if serving a sentence of 5 years or less, or within 1 year if serving a sentence of more than 5 years.